September 3, 2026
杠杆收购
204 articles
February 19, 2026
Equity Incentive Exit Mechanisms for MBOs: How Management Equity Converts to Cash in an IPO or Trade Sale
February 19, 2026
Post-LBO Customer Service Upgrade: Improving Net Promoter Score and Building Customer Loyalty Programmes
February 18, 2026
Ancillary Fees in PE Funds: Disclosure and Controversy Around Monitoring Fees, Advisory Fees, and Other Charges
February 18, 2026
Compliance Due Diligence in LBOs: Assessing Anti-Bribery, Anti-Money Laundering, and Sanctions Compliance Programmes
February 18, 2026
Fund Extension in PE: LP Consent Procedures and Conditions for Extending a Fund's Term
February 17, 2026
LIBOR/SOFR Transition in LBO Financing: The Impact of Interest Rate Benchmark Reform on Floating Rate Loans
February 17, 2026
Tax Structure Due Diligence in LBOs: Holding Structure, Tax Residency, and Withholding Tax Risk Analysis
February 17, 2026
GP Clawback in PE Funds: Triggering and Executing the Clawback of Performance Fees
February 16, 2026
Transition Management in MBOs: The Power Handover Plan Between Post-Closing Management and the Seller
February 16, 2026
Post-LBO Digital Marketing Transformation: ROI on SEO, Social Media, and Marketing Technology Stacks
February 15, 2026
HR Compliance Due Diligence in LBOs: Employment Contracts, MPF Contributions, and Labour Insurance in Hong Kong
February 15, 2026
Shareholder Loans in MBOs: Comparing the Tax Efficiency of Shareholder Debt vs Equity Contributions
February 14, 2026
Most Favored Nation Clauses in PE Funds: Protecting LP Rights Through MFN Provisions
February 14, 2026
Call Protection in LBO Financing: The Impact of Bond Redemption Protection Periods on Refinancing Timing
February 13, 2026
Insurance Due Diligence in LBOs: Policy Review, Claims History, and Insurance Adequacy Assessment
February 13, 2026
Post-LBO Shared Services Centre Establishment: Back-Office Function Integration and Economies of Scale Realisation
February 12, 2026
Buy-Side Due Diligence Team Composition for MBOs: Dividing Roles Among Internal Teams, External Advisers, and Industry Experts
February 11, 2026
Accordion Features in LBO Financing: Trigger Conditions and Pricing for Incremental Facility Increases
February 11, 2026
Antitrust Due Diligence in LBOs: Market Share Calculation, Competitive Impact Assessment, and Remedies
February 11, 2026
Defaulting LP Provisions in PE Funds: Penalties and Transfer Mechanisms for Defaulting Limited Partners
February 11, 2026
Equity Vesting Arrangements in MBOs: Designing Time-Based and Performance-Based Vesting Schedules
February 10, 2026
Sanctions Compliance Due Diligence in LBOs: Screening Against OFAC, EU, and UN Sanctions Lists
February 10, 2026
Excuse Rights in PE Funds: The Rights and Consequences of LP Refusal to Fund Capital Calls
February 9, 2026
Post-LBO Pricing and Product Mix Optimisation: SKU Profitability Analysis and Product Line Rationalisation
February 9, 2026
Vendor Due Diligence Reports in MBOs: The Pros and Cons of Seller-Provided Due Diligence
February 8, 2026
Capex Facilities in LBO Financing: Designing and Using Capital Expenditure Financing Lines
February 8, 2026
Climate Risk Due Diligence in LBOs: Physical Risk, Transition Risk, and TCFD Disclosure Requirements
February 8, 2026
Cross-Fund Investments in PE: Managing Conflicts of Interest in Inter-Fund Transactions
February 7, 2026
NDA Strategy for MBOs: Striking the Balance Between Confidentiality and Information Sharing
February 6, 2026
GP Removal Rights in PE Funds: The Threshold and Process for LP Removal of the General Partner
February 6, 2026
Transaction Structure Comparison for MBOs: Direct Acquisition, Reverse Triangular Merger, and Forward Triangular Merger
February 6, 2026
Cybersecurity Due Diligence in LBOs: Data Breach History, Security Infrastructure, and Incident Response Plans
February 5, 2026
No-Fault Divorce Clauses in PE Funds: The Impact of No-Fault Removal Provisions on GP Changes
February 5, 2026
Post-LBO Inventory Management Optimisation: Lean Inventory, Demand Forecasting, and Working Capital Release
February 5, 2026
Negotiating Information Rights in LBOs: The Scope of Buyer Access to Information During Due Diligence
February 4, 2026
Management Fee Offsets in PE Funds: The Impact of Fee Offset Mechanisms on GP Revenue
February 4, 2026
Security Packages in LBO Financing: Designing and Perfecting Collateral Arrangements
February 3, 2026
Employee Representative Communication in MBOs: The Role of Works Councils, Unions, and Staff Representatives
February 3, 2026
Family Business Due Diligence for MBOs: Uncovering Hidden Family Influence and Informal Arrangements
February 2, 2026
Co-Investment Rights in PE Funds: Negotiating and Executing LP Co-Invest Provisions
February 2, 2026
Goodwill Impairment Risk in LBOs: How to Test Goodwill Arising from Acquisition Premiums for Impairment
February 1, 2026
Post-LBO Customer Retention Strategies: How to Stabilise Client Relationships After a Change of Control
February 1, 2026
Government Relations Due Diligence in LBOs: Government Contracts, Subsidies, and Political Risk Assessment
January 31, 2026
Creditor Communication Strategy for MBOs: Navigating Existing Lender Attitudes and Refinancing Negotiations
January 31, 2026
Revolver Facilities in LBO Financing: The Role of Revolving Credit Facilities as Liquidity Buffers
January 30, 2026
Management Equity Contribution in MBOs: The Psychological and Financial Significance of 'Skin in the Game'
January 30, 2026
R&D Pipeline Due Diligence in LBOs: Patent Expiry, New Product Development Progress, and Capitalisation Analysis
January 30, 2026
Blind Pool Risk in PE Funds: The Impact of Blind Pool Risk on LP Investment Decisions
January 30, 2026
Post-LBO Board Performance Evaluation: Accountability and Assessment Mechanisms for PE-Appointed Directors
January 29, 2026
Foreign Exchange Control Risk in LBOs: Regulatory Approvals and Filing Requirements for Cross-Border Fund Flows
January 29, 2026
The Value Bridge in PE: Analysing the Value Creation Journey from Entry Price to Target Exit Value
January 27, 2026
Subscription Credit Facilities for PE Funds: Using LP Capital Commitments as Collateral for Fund-Level Financing
January 27, 2026
Product Liability Due Diligence in LBOs: Product Recall History, Quality Complaints, and Liability Insurance Review
January 27, 2026
Due Diligence Interview Techniques for MBOs: How to Conduct Deep-Dive Management Interviews Without Raising Alarm
January 27, 2026
Term Loan A vs Term Loan B in LBO Financing: Choosing Between Amortising and Bullet Repayment Structures
January 26, 2026
Transitional Service Agreements in MBOs: Arranging Post-Closing Support from the Seller
January 26, 2026
Post-LBO Cultural Integration: Corporate Culture Assessment, Conflict Management, and Shared Value Building
January 25, 2026
Exit Timing Optimisation for PE Funds: A Quantitative Decision Model for Choosing the Right Moment
January 25, 2026
Independent Committee Operations in MBOs: How Disinterested Directors Steer the Approval Process
January 25, 2026
Tax Structure Selection for MBOs: Analysing the Tax Consequences of Asset Deals vs Share Deals
January 24, 2026
Market Access Due Diligence in LBOs: Import/Export Licences, Trade Sanctions, and Tariff Risk Assessment
January 23, 2026
Litigation Due Diligence in LBOs: Quantifying the Risk of Existing Lawsuits, Potential Claims, and Regulatory Investigations
January 23, 2026
High-Yield Bond Issuance in LBO Financing: The Role of High-Yield Debt in Buyout Capital Structures
January 22, 2026
Key Person Clauses in PE Funds: The Impact of Key Person Provisions on LP Confidence
January 22, 2026
Post-LBO IT Systems Integration: ERP Migration, Data Migration, and Business Continuity Planning
January 22, 2026
Shareholder Voting Mechanisms in MBOs: Designing Minority Protections and Majority Approval Thresholds
January 22, 2026
Distribution Waterfalls in PE Funds: Comparing European-Style and American-Style Return Distribution Structures
January 21, 2026
ESG Due Diligence Framework for LBOs: From Climate Risk to Supply Chain Labour Rights
January 20, 2026
Mezzanine Debt Terms in LBO Financing: The Combination of Payment-in-Kind Interest and Equity Warrants
January 20, 2026
Related-Party Transaction Due Diligence in LBOs: Fairness Assessment and Formalisation of Connected Transactions
January 20, 2026
Licence and Permit Due Diligence in LBOs: Transferability and Renewal Risk for Regulatory Licences
January 19, 2026
Assumed Debt Treatment in MBOs: Refinancing Existing Debt and Navigating Consent Procedures
January 18, 2026
Post-LBO Sales Team Restructuring: Redesigning Incentive Schemes and Uncovering Cross-Selling Opportunities
January 18, 2026
GP Commitment in PE Funds: The Signalling Effect of General Partner Co-Investment
January 17, 2026
Preferred Return (Hurdle Rate) Design in PE: The Impact of Hurdle Rates on GP Incentives
January 17, 2026
Asset-Based Lending in LBO Financing: Structuring Facilities Secured by Receivables and Inventory
January 17, 2026
Club Deals in PE: Cooperation and Conflict When Multiple PE Firms Jointly Execute a Buyout
January 16, 2026
Labour Law Due Diligence in LBOs: Union Relations, Collective Bargaining Agreements, and Industrial Dispute History
January 16, 2026
Post-LBO Procurement Integration: Achieving Cost Synergies Through Centralised Purchasing and Supplier Negotiation
January 16, 2026
Cap Table Modeling for MBOs: Simulating Dilution Effects and Exit Returns for Management Equity
January 15, 2026
Transaction Insurance in MBOs: Special Applications of Warranty & Indemnity Insurance
January 14, 2026
Sector-Focused Buyout Strategies in PE: The Due Diligence Advantages of Industry Specialisation
January 14, 2026
Accounting for Equity Incentives in MBOs: Applying Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standard 2
January 14, 2026
Covenant-Lite vs Covenant-Heavy in LBO Financing: Evolution Trends in the Hong Kong Market
January 13, 2026
Impact Investing and Buyouts in PE: How to Integrate Impact Considerations into Leveraged Buyout Strategies
January 13, 2026
Customer Contract Due Diligence in LBOs: Assignment Restrictions and Termination Clauses in Long-Term Contracts
January 13, 2026
Supplier Due Diligence in LBOs: Reviewing Change-of-Control Clauses in Key Supplier Contracts
January 12, 2026
Bankruptcy-Remote Structures for MBOs: Legal and Tax Considerations for Newco-Opco Separation
January 11, 2026
Post-LBO Cash Management Systems: Zero-Balance Accounts, Cash Pooling, and Cross-Border Fund Transfers
January 11, 2026
Earn-Out Mechanism Design in LBO Transactions: Accounting Treatment and Dispute Resolution for Performance-Linked Consideration
January 10, 2026
Data Privacy Due Diligence in LBOs: Compliance Checks Under the Hong Kong Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance
January 10, 2026
Vendor Loan Notes in MBOs: Key Structuring Points When the Seller Finances the Buyer
January 9, 2026
GP Stake Sales in PE: Market Trends in General Partners Selling Their Own Interests
January 9, 2026
Employee Consultation Obligations in MBOs: Collective Redundancy Consultation Under Hong Kong Employment Ordinance
January 8, 2026
Continuation Funds in PE: The Mechanics and Controversies of Rolling Portfolio Companies into New Vehicles
January 8, 2026
Deal-by-Deal Carry vs Whole Fund Carry in PE: Comparing Performance Fee Distribution Models
January 8, 2026
Unitranche Facilities in LBO Financing: Structure and Pricing of Single-Tranche Loan Facilities
January 7, 2026
Anti-Corruption Due Diligence in LBOs: FCPA and Hong Kong Prevention of Bribery Ordinance Compliance
January 7, 2026
Commercial Due Diligence in LBOs: Market Sizing, Competitive Landscape, and Growth Driver Analysis
January 6, 2026
Regulatory Approval Conditions in LBO Transactions: Multi-Jurisdictional Antitrust Filing Strategies
January 6, 2026
Post-LBO Pricing Strategy Optimisation: Data-Driven Price Elasticity Analysis and Revenue Uplift
January 6, 2026
Working Capital Peg Mechanisms in LBOs: Setting and Adjusting the Working Capital Benchmark
January 5, 2026
Dealing with Minority Shareholders in MBOs: Compulsory Acquisition and Squeeze-Out Mechanisms in Hong Kong
January 4, 2026
The Direct Lending Trend in PE: Risk-Return Analysis of Funds Acting as Their Own Lenders
January 4, 2026
MBOs in the Family Business Context: Using Management Buyouts When the Next Generation Declines Succession
January 4, 2026
Management Equity Ratchet Mechanisms in PE: Designing Tiered Incentive Structures for Management Teams
January 4, 2026
Tax Due Diligence in LBOs: Tax Audit History, Transfer Pricing, and Deferred Tax Assets
January 3, 2026
Board Composition After an MBO: The Role and Proportion of Independent Non-Executive Directors
January 2, 2026
Bridge Loan Usage in LBO Financing: Timing Considerations and Refinancing Risk for Interim Facilities
January 1, 2026
Post-LBO Business Model Transformation: From Product Sales to Recurring Revenue Subscription Models
January 1, 2026
Equity Valuation Methods for MBOs: Applying Black-Scholes and Binomial Models to Option Pricing
January 1, 2026
Evergreen Fund Structures in PE: The Impact of Perpetual-Life Funds on Buyout Strategies
December 31, 2025
Environmental Liability Assessment in LBOs: Quantifying Soil Contamination, Carbon Credits, and Environmental Litigation
December 31, 2025
Preferred Equity Financing in PE: The Role of Preferred Shares in Buyout Capital Structures
December 31, 2025
Pension Liability Risk in Leveraged Buyouts: Actuarial Valuation and Settlement Strategies for Defined Benefit Plans
December 30, 2025
PE Exit via the Secondaries Market: LP Stake Sales and GP-Led Restructuring Transactions
December 30, 2025
Material Adverse Change Clauses in LBOs: Trigger Disputes from Pandemics, Wars, and Regulatory Changes
December 29, 2025
Debt Financing Term Sheet Deep Dive for MBOs: Deconstructing Every Key Clause
December 29, 2025
Insurance Due Diligence in LBOs: Directors' Liability, Property, and Business Interruption Insurance Review
December 28, 2025
Co-Investment Fund Structures in PE: Special Arrangements for Management Fees and Carried Interest
December 28, 2025
Employee Retention Plans in MBOs: The Mix of Equity Incentives, Cash Bonuses, and Non-Monetary Rewards
December 28, 2025
Upgrading Financial Reporting Systems After an LBO: From Management Accounts to Investor-Grade Reporting
December 28, 2025
Transaction Timeline Management for MBOs: Key Milestones from Expression of Interest to Closing
December 27, 2025
Platform and Add-On Acquisition Strategies for PE Funds: Value Creation Through Roll-Up Integration
December 26, 2025
IT Due Diligence in LBOs: System Integration Costs, Technical Debt, and Cybersecurity Risk Assessment
December 26, 2025
Hedging Strategies for LBO Financing: Practical Interest Rate Swaps and Currency Hedging Operations
December 25, 2025
Warranty & Indemnity Insurance in LBO Transactions: How W&I Insurance Facilitates Deal Closure
December 25, 2025
Pricing Adjustment Mechanisms in MBOs: Net Debt and Working Capital Adjustments Under Completion Accounts
December 24, 2025
Public-to-Private Strategies for PE Funds: The Unique Challenges of Taking a Listed Company Private
December 24, 2025
Competition Law Review of LBOs: The Hong Kong Competition Commission's Merger Control Regime
December 23, 2025
Timing Management Changes After an LBO: When Should the Founder Step Aside?
December 23, 2025
Comparing Financing Sources for Management Buyouts: Bank Debt, Private Credit, and PE Fund Cost-Benefit Analysis
December 22, 2025
Customer Due Diligence in LBOs: Customer Concentration, Renewal Rates, and Lifetime Value Analysis
December 22, 2025
Dividend Recapitalisation Strategies for PE Funds: The Pros and Cons of Early Cash Extraction
December 22, 2025
Supply Chain Due Diligence in LBOs: Supplier Concentration Risk and Alternative Sourcing Strategies
December 21, 2025
Key Shareholders' Agreement Terms for MBOs: Drag-Along, Tag-Along, and Deadlock Provisions
December 21, 2025
The Operational Partner Model in PE: How Industry Experts Drive Value Creation in Portfolio Companies
December 21, 2025
Completion Accounts vs Locked Box Mechanisms in LBOs: Risk Allocation Between Buyer and Seller
December 20, 2025
IP Due Diligence in Leveraged Buyouts: The Value and Risk of Patents, Trademarks, and Trade Secrets
December 20, 2025
MBOs as a Succession Planning Tool: Tax-Optimised Pathways for Family Business Handovers to Management
December 19, 2025
The Role of the Independent Financial Adviser in MBOs: Fairness Opinion Issuance Process and Liability
December 19, 2025
Debt Sizing Logic in LBO Financing: EBITDA Definition Adjustments and Debt Capacity Calculation
December 18, 2025
Designing the Margin Grid in Acquisition Financing: The Linkage Between Leverage Multiples and Interest Margins
December 17, 2025
HR Due Diligence in Leveraged Buyouts: Key Person Identification, Retention Incentives, and Redundancy Risk
December 17, 2025
Environmental Due Diligence in LBOs: The Impact of Phase I and Phase II Reports on Deal Certainty
December 17, 2025
Exit Readiness Assessment for PE Funds: A Pre-IPO Health Check Checklist for Portfolio Companies
December 17, 2025
Legal Due Diligence Focus Points for MBOs: Shareholding Structure, Material Contracts, and Litigation Risk
December 16, 2025
Industry Selection Logic for LBOs: Why PE Funds Prefer Businesses with Stable Cash Flows
December 16, 2025
Aligning PE Fundraising Cycles with Deal Execution: The Art of Capital Call Timing
December 15, 2025
Virtual Data Room Management for LBOs: Best Practices for Document Organisation and Access Permissions
December 15, 2025
Digital Transformation After an LBO: How PE Funds Use Technology to Enhance Portfolio Company Value
December 14, 2025
The Intercreditor Agreement in Acquisition Financing: The Power Game Between Senior and Subordinated Lenders
December 14, 2025
Employee Communication Strategy for MBOs: How to Explain the Impact of a Management Buyout to Staff
December 13, 2025
Portfolio Company Monitoring for PE Funds: Monthly Reports, Quarterly Board Meetings, and KPI Dashboards
December 13, 2025
Break Fees and Reverse Break Fees in LBO Transactions: Negotiation Strategies and Market Precedents
December 13, 2025
Special Due Diligence Considerations for Management Buyouts: A Management Capability Assessment Framework
December 12, 2025
Tax-Efficient Structures for Cross-Border Buyouts: Comparing Hong Kong Holdcos, Luxembourg SPVs, and Cayman Funds
December 12, 2025
Exit Valuation Methodologies for LBOs: How to Forecast Exit EBITDA and Exit Multiples
December 11, 2025
Post-LBO Operational Improvement: Procurement Optimisation, Pricing Strategy, and Working Capital Management in Action
December 11, 2025
Designing Covenant Packages for Acquisition Financing: Maintenance vs Incurrence Covenants
December 10, 2025
The Valuation Battle in Management Buyouts: A Triangulation Among Selling Shareholders, MBO Team, and PE Fund
December 10, 2025
Bankruptcy Risk Prediction in LBOs: Applying the Altman Z-Score in Leveraged Buyout Scenarios
December 9, 2025
The PE Fund LP Reporting Framework: How to Explain Buyout Portfolio Performance to Investors
December 9, 2025
Co-Investment Arrangements in PE Funds: Designing Fair LP Co-Invest Rights
December 8, 2025
Employee Share Ownership Trusts in MBOs: UK Models vs Hong Kong Practice
December 8, 2025
The Regulatory Approval Map for LBO Transactions: SFC, Stock Exchange, and Competition Ordinance Triggers
December 7, 2025
Intangible Asset Valuation in LBOs: Quantifying Goodwill, Brand Value, and Customer Relationships
December 7, 2025
Drafting Arbitration Clauses for M&A: Choosing Between HKIAC and SIAC in Hong Kong Deals
December 7, 2025
ESG Considerations in Leveraged Buyouts: How Environmental Liability and Labour Rights Affect Deal Viability
December 7, 2025
The PE Value Creation Plan: How to Make a Portfolio Company More Valuable After Acquisition
December 6, 2025
LBO Financing Market Update: Hong Kong Banks' Risk Appetite for Leveraged Loans
December 5, 2025
Management Buyout Case Studies: Lessons from Li Ning's Privatisation to the ESR Consortium Buyout
December 5, 2025
Managing Conflicts of Interest in Management Buyouts: When the MBO Team Sits on Both Sides
December 4, 2025
The LBO Legal Document Checklist: From Letter of Intent to Share Purchase Agreement
December 4, 2025
Planning the LBO Exit Timeline: Back-Solving the Exit Window from Buyout Day
December 4, 2025
Industry-Focused Due Diligence for PE Funds: How to Rapidly Assess a Business's Moat
December 3, 2025
LBO Valuation Methodologies: Cross-Validating LBO Valuation, DCF, and Comparable Multiples
December 3, 2025
FX Risk Management in Cross-Border Leveraged Buyouts: Hedging HKD-USD Mismatches
December 2, 2025
How MBO Teams Negotiate Equity Allocation with PE Funds: Designing Management Incentive Plans
December 2, 2025
The Lender's Perspective on LBOs: How Bank Credit Committees Approve Leveraged Financing
December 1, 2025
The 100-Day Post-Merger Integration Plan: Culture, Systems, and Talent Retention Blueprint
December 1, 2025
Secondary Buyout Market Trends: The Return Logic Behind PE-to-PE Deal Flows
November 30, 2025
Tax Planning for Leveraged Buyouts in Hong Kong: Profits Tax Deductions, Stamp Duty Savings, and Offshore Structures
November 30, 2025
Hong Kong Privatisation Offer Documents: Scheme of Arrangement vs Plan of Arrangement Compared
November 30, 2025
Post-LBO Corporate Governance: The Power Map After a PE Fund Takes Board Control
November 29, 2025
Designing the LBO Debt Repayment Schedule: Cash Sweep Mechanics and Covenant Compliance in Practice
November 28, 2025
When Due Diligence Finds a Deal Breaker: Indemnity Clauses and Termination Rights Negotiation
November 28, 2025
How to Time Your PE Exit: The Triangulation of Market Cycles, Valuation Multiples, and LP Pressure
November 27, 2025
Ten Fatal Traps in Acquisition Agreement Negotiations: Representations and Warranties Deconstructed
November 27, 2025
Deal Sourcing for PE Funds in Hong Kong: Originating Buyout Opportunities in the SME Space
November 27, 2025
MBO vs MBI: A Decision Matrix for Choosing Between Internal Managers and External Leadership
November 26, 2025
How to Build an LBO Model from Scratch: A Complete Financial Modeling Tutorial for PE Associates
November 26, 2025
Financing the MBO When Management Has No Cash: Vendor Loans, Earn-outs, and Equity Rollover Strategies
November 25, 2025
How PE Funds Design the Buyout Fund Model: LP Returns, GP Economics, and Distribution Waterfalls
November 25, 2025
LBO vs MBO: A Complete Guide to Deal Structure, Financing, and Exit Pathways
November 25, 2025
How to Price a Management Buyout: The Role of Independent Board Committees and Fairness Opinions
November 24, 2025
Acquisition Financing Structures Unpacked: Senior Debt, Mezzanine, and PIK Notes in LBOs
November 23, 2025
The M&A Due Diligence Checklist: Financial, Tax, Legal, and Operational Pillars You Cannot Miss
November 23, 2025
PE Exit Strategies Compared: IPO, Trade Sale, and Secondary Buyout in the Hong Kong Market
November 23, 2025
Employee Buyout Structures in Hong Kong: Trust Arrangements, Tax Incentives, and Practical Design
November 22, 2025
Taking a Hong Kong-Listed Company Private: A Step-by-Step Guide to Privatisation Schemes
November 22, 2025
LBO Risk Management: A Stress-Testing Framework for Debt Default and Operational Downturns
November 21, 2025